Storyboard

Shot list

1. Person A walks up to a door
2. Shot of hand pushing door
3. Shot of person A walking through the door
4. Shot of person B sitting down
5. Shot of person A asking person B if they're ok
6. Reverse shot (CU) of person B replying
7. Shot of person B standing up
8. Shot of person B asking person A a question
9. Shot of person A's reaction and answer
10. Person B sighs and walks out the fire exit
11. Person A follows after person B out the fire exit
12. Shot of person A and person B facing each other

Location- Spanish department

Actors- Georgie, Shawnean

Age representaion

Mis en scene:

• Shows each person getting ready, pointing out the differences in each age category
• Everyone is at a funeral and an old man complains about missing the football, showing that he thinks he has better things to do with his priorities than be at his wife's funeral.
• Everybody is sitting at the table, separated from each other, with the grumpy snooty old women at one end, the husband in the middle and the younger characters at the opposite end, indicating an obvious divide in age and attitudes
• The old women make everyone say grace, which is usually quite religious and traditional to say grace before every meal, so this would mean because they are older, they were taught how to do things differently when they were younger.

Ethnicity

Hotel Babylon

Mise en scene

• Black guy being professional and formal towards customers
• Attitude changes when he bumps into a friend
• Speech becomes slightly less formal
• Italian man stereotypically a chef
• Maids are usually foreign 

Disability

Coming down the hill:

• Difference in presentation of rooms
• Plain dark colours- David (older)
• Colourful- Ben (younger)
• Sleeping- Vulnerable
• Non-digetic sounds/music
• Questions life- shows David's intelligence
• Physical difference between Ben and David
• Ben is central, showing he is central to the family/ needs most support
• The mum is comforting Ben more, calm voice. Emphasising divide
• The dad addresses David, giving him the most responsibility
• Ben usually stands behind David (for protection) shows David's not interested/doesn't care for him
• Ben seems a nuisance- putting things in David's face, crossing a boundary line
• David can doodle and still retain information, Ben needs help just to go to the toilet
• Ben is vulnerable, stands hunched
• Ben clutching onto the bus rail, shows vulnerability and fear 

Younger people-age representation

moral panic- created by the media (hooded people are muggers/bad people)

Representation of age

How does media represent the elderly?

• Senile
• Grumpy
• Burden
• Wisdom
• Kind
• Caring
• Experienced
• Lonely

Newman  (2006) notes that upper class and middle class elderly people are often portrayed in television and film dramas as occupying high-status roles as world leaders, judges, politicians, experts and business executives.

Gender representation

In the start of the clip we see Martha’s mum and sister dressed in maid uniforms, this shows us as the audience that females are typically meant to be the ones who clean up after everybody. The fact that the outfits are black shows that they are less important, therefore don’t need to stand out. Martha is also dressed in black, showing she is part of the representation that females are less dominant than males. Black shows that the women are made to be formal and presentable at all times. Having black clothing would usually mean that the person has power, but in this instance it is made to be the complete opposite, in fact, instead of standing out, their outfits/uniform almost blends them into the background. The fact that the women are being made to wear uniforms could connote that because they are women, they have to work and they cannot wear their own clothes, again showing that they are powerless compared to the males.

The master’s wife is dressed in a silk red dress, this shows that she is respected as she has not been made to wear any uniform and gets to wear a vibrant colour. Silk is a quite elegant and expensive material so her wearing this shows that she could be quite seductive and is an important woman. Though she seems to be quite powerful, she does not speak, this connotes that she is still not as powerful or equal to the males, which was how it was a while back, women did not speak unless they were spoken to because they had no power and they knew their place.

Martha and her sister have their hair tied up and out of their face. Tying up their hair could reduce feminism as there is not much you can do with it while it is tied up. Having hair tied all back again shows formality, meaning they cannot look messy or like a slob because women of work are supposed to look smart and presentable. Tying up of the hair could connote that the women are made to be quite closed off, like they’re not allowed to express themselves so they wrap it all up, just like their hair.

The master straight away is shown to be more powerful as he is higher up than everyone else and gives the orders, so straight away we know that he is the most dominant out of everyone. The master wears a suit so he is represented as a strong, powerful character.

The doctor seems like a small powerless character, even more so than the women. This is shown because he is put to the side, out of the way, in a cage, nobody in a cage is powerful.

As Martha walks in, she is shoved forward, showing she is treated as a lower status as she is a woman. Her facial expression shows she is quite intimidated by the whole situation and that she is worried about the safety of her friends and family. Not only does she just look at everybody, she maintains eye contact with them, all with expressions of fear or worry, but the eye contact could mean that she is discreetly reassuring everyone that everything is going to be okay. The eye contact could suggest that Martha is actually quite a strong character because she is keeping herself together and maintaining eye contact is something someone with confidence would do. When Martha see’s the doctor, her expression changes to a sort of relief and happiness, this reduces the amount of power she gained when getting eye contact with everyone else, making her seem weak as the doctor is her weakness and maybe the Master knew that, which is why he put him so clearly on display.

The Master tells Martha to kneel and she does as she is told, so she becomes a submissive and once again is seen as weak and helpless, while the Master gains more power by Martha doing so.

Martha is told to bow her head, she does so and The Master is giving a speech about what will happen and then Martha does a slight chuckle, throwing out the idea that she could be afraid, while she slowly gains some respect as The Master stops speaking and ask why she is laughing. Martha starts to speak about ‘a gun’ and she is almost mocking him, she even says ‘a gun scattered in four parts across the world, I mean, come on did you really believe that’ so she gains more power by basically telling him that he had been tricked.

The master then sits down, levelling the power between them. Martha tells her story of how she had to travel around telling everyone about The Doctor and she says ‘I love him’ this shows again that the Doctor is her weakness and she is foolish when it comes to love.

As Miranda stands up the power is passed to her and she becomes more superior and in control, The Master then becomes threatened by this so stands up trying to claim back the authority.

After the countdown finishes The Doctor is restored to his original self and is floated up into the air, making him higher than The Master, and taking all power and dominance.

We learn that all in all, The Doctor is most powerful, though we thought it was Martha, she was doing everything because she needed the doctor, so this connotes that women need men to be in control, because stereotypically that is how it has always been and I think I even in the future, men will always be seen as more dominant than women.

How has research effected our planning?

Research has played a big part in planning as it helps identify what everyone is most interested in and what they prefer to see in a movie.

The main types of research that help are the usual googling or just looking things up one the internet, though you would be researching for ages, as there is a wide range and not a limited amount of people. A more reliable and easy way of finding out what people like is actually asking them, either asking them, getting them to write down what they like, or to make it easier for everyone, create a survey, which is something that we did.

Here is a survey that was made by someone else, this helped us during our research as we could see that action/adventure was the most common movie people enjoyed seeing.

Comedy came second, this could help us if we wanted to add something else to our title sequence.

We came up with the idea that all James Bond movies involved action and adventure, this led us to the idea of doing a spy espionage, we would include things that relate or are similar to movies like 007 and mission impossible (those are just the most recognisable).

From looking at different spy espionages, we can see that the good guy or the 'spy' is typically well and/or in a suit. There is usually a female role in which is being saved and a bad guy (though these are not entirely necessary in the title sequence, but knowing what is in a spy espionage can help you understand how to identify the genre of a movie from the title sequence).

Looking at locations, we came to the conclusion of basing our title sequence in London as James Bond, being a spy is stereotypically British.

Spy espionage title sequence

Skyfall (2012)

http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/skyfall/

In the start we see James Bond (Daniel Craig) fall into what looks like the sea, so straight away we know who the main focus is on. The camera pans/follows Bond as he sinks down, whilst closing up on his face, revealing that he is in fact unconscious. This is done whilst background music begins to play. The song used is made especially for the movie and it also creates publicity, as when people here it, they think of the movie (mainly because the name of the movie is in the lyrics) so they are boosting their audience by creating a linked media (film and music).

The screen fades to black then after 2 seconds, the scene emerges revealing a close up of a hand, which is then grabbed by another hand then pulled down.

(WORKING ON MORE)

Spy espionage title sequence

Mission impossible (1996)

In this opening they use mainly close ups of faces, parts of peoples faces, objects and of the titles/names. The main part they want us as the audience to notice, is the fuse that keeps being shown and that you can here throughout most of the beginning as a fuse is something that leads to blowing something up and blowing things up tend to be in spy movies or action movies.

The clips move quickly, so you only get a glimpse of what it happening, this is suitable to the genre as if you were a spy, usually you have to be pretty quick, e.g fighting and cracking codes (codes are also shown in the title sequence).

The music is commonly used in spy movies, so this indicates right away what genre this movie will be. The music matches and doesn't seem out of place, for instance for a comedy stereotypically you wouldn't have a creepy lullaby playing, so music is important when it comes to the genre.

The sequence starts with the fuse being lit, and once it is lit, the music finishes its intro and starts, along with the sequence of clips, so the fuse could be a representation of how long the title sequence will be, just like a spy would only have a certain amount of time to get away/ do what needs to be done before the fuse gets to the end.

The font used is easily readable and is suitable to the genre as its fancy or creepy, its bold and straightforward. As the subtitles appear, a more close up but blurred version of it slides from one side of the screen to the other, as if on a billboard, the movements are different so the subtitle gets bigger/closer to the screen and the doubled version zooms from right to left.

The scene starts with a picture of a woman, but the lighting around it is dark, meaning there is mystery involved. When the air hostess and the man speak, she says what she has said to everyone else, but this time they were speaking a sort of code, so she would know what 'movie' to give him. This of course is not a movie but a document explaining what the mission that they want him involved in, is about.

Horror thriller opening 2

The cabin in the woods

http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/the-cabin-in-the-woods/

In this opening it starts off with a close up of a substance that looks like blood on a black background, it moves as if it is being poured and once that is done, it reveals ancient type murals. The would mean that the substance could be revealing the pictures underneath it from the black, or even creating the images, telling a story or secrets.

The camera angle would be at a straight angle, whilst closing up on certain areas, whilst someone pours the red type substance on something that stand slightly tilted, so it travels down, joins together and spreads around, but not to fast that it just drips off. This process could also be slowed down, to give a dramatic effect of the blood type substance to be actually pouring out of someone, this could also let the audience subconsciously know that there will be death and blood involved without actually having to tell them. 

The adding in of something old/ancient is usually seen as quite creepy because it is involved in most horror thrillers, then made to be scary, so nowadays when we thing of things like and old doll for instance, we don't think 'wow that's an old doll, maybe it was someone's grandmothers' we think 'Oh my god, that's a scary doll, look its so old, its probably possessed or something' so he director uses things we are familiar with so they don't have to create a scary object.

The colour of the font is red, this may be to match the colour of the blood and to make it more eye catching/ make it stand out. The font is similar to georgia, which is quite bold 

The art of a title sequence

First of all, what is a title sequence?

A title sequence is the method by which films or television programs present their title, key production and cast members, or both, using relevant or effective images and sound. It usually follows but should not be confused with the opening credits, which are generally nothing more than a series of layers of texts.

What's the difference between a title sequence and opening credits?

The title sequence of a film is the opening scene(s) that include dialogue and often action, whereas the opening credits show the cast and crew in writing, often accompanied by a song and/or some acting in the background.

Cirque du freak: the vampires assistant (2010)

http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/cirque-du-freak-the-vampires-assistant/

Most title sequences have a sense of autopilot, the main title for Cirque du Freak: The vampire's Assistant keeps you guessing. Taking on the role of a children's nightmare, the result is innocent but with the intentions of creating fear- a sure way to take the edge off the sweetness.

The title sequence gives you a small idea of what the movie is about. The scenes/images sort of invite the audience in, making them want more, but not giving anything crucial away.

The idea of a title sequence in thriller/horror movie is to prepare the audience for what is about to come, by showing certain places/people (etc.) from the movie, making the audience feel almost comfortable before the movie starts.

Adventure thriller opening

Sherlock Holmes

http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/sherlock-holmes/

The set out for Sherlock Holmes sticks with the time zone (1800) making the title sequence unique to most other movies. The idea i can imagine, is to look like a newspaper, as when the shots get frozen the graphics change to a brown almost paper like layout with drawings of mono-print/sepia drawings where the previous clip was, also the font is in olden swirly type writing. The splashes of ink or stains give an effect of it being vintage and old, this could be done by filming a piece of paper from a birds eye view and dropping ink from a high or a low height, this then would be digitised and edited on the computer.

Each short clip lasts 2 seconds and the drawings/frozen images lasts for 4 seconds. Whilst the title sequence is going on, old fashioned upbeat old fashioned music plays in the background, this gives the audience the idea that this movie wont be dull and that it is adventurous.

The lighting is quite dark, because all that would have been used were street lamps, plus this also lets the audience know that there will be mystery and suspense in the movie. Also the colours are usually quite plain, unless someone needs to stand out, then they are put in a vibrant colour e.g. a red dress.

The transitions used are a straight cut, they last no less than a blink.

The costumes are suitable to the era, mainly suits, top hats, canes etc. From these costumes you able to tell who is wealthy and who is not, the wealthy wore nice suits with shined shoes and top hats with canes, the not so wealthy wore brown scruffy type suits with the trousers a bit higher than their ankles because they couldn't get theirs tailored, with worn out shoes (because they work a lot) and sometimes a cap to match.

Horror thriller openings

Zombieland

http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/zombieland/

In zombie land it shows a close up of the american flag american flag blowing in the wind (signify's that the movie is mainly based in america) with the national anthem playing faintly in the background, slightly slowed down and corrupted. The camera zooms out slowly whilst the sound is followed by a guy narrating, starting with 'oh america' as if he were giving a speech. At that moment the audience is unsure of who he is, but you can guess that he will be important somehow. The music fades into a screeching, corrupted version of the american national anthem, already making the audience feel slightly eery and scared, creating a build up.

The camera changes view point by twisting right, showing us that the flag is upside down, the camera then pans to the right, whilst slightly zooming out, revealing a turned over car that is partly on fire with more chaos happening in the background.

The camera moves around as if it is being held by a camera guy but not the one filming the movie, the one that is IN the movie. This camera movement creates a realistic effect, as if the audience is involved in the movie (minus the fizzing/crashing of the film). The camera moves around, showing the whole scene. We as the audience could say that the shot used could be hand-held shot as the filming is not very steady. We could suggest that POV (point of view) shot was used as we see what the person is seeing and instead of the idea that it is the camera breaking up when it glitches, it could just be the persons vision/memory breaking up itself, not believing what they see.So the labelling of shots, depends on the persons point of view.

The editing/speed starts off slow, moving outwards as if on a tripod, then the type of movement and speed changes instantly, moving/looking around at quite a fast pace as if the person in panicking. The movement is quite fast so if looks everywhere quickly, but not too quick that you can't see what's going on. It's almost rushed, as if the person filming is trying to get everything on camera quickly, not worrying if it doesn't get everything completely, just making sure people see what is going on.

The props mainly used in the very opening are cars, on fire, crashed, upside down or just abandoned.

The camera then quickly zooms out, but so much that we see Earth, looking nothing how it looks now, so the audience can see how much chaos is really going on, also giving the movie a realistic effect. The camera zooms back in on a different part of the world, showing a 'fatty' being chased by a zombie, which is the start of the 'survival guide' the voice over has created for surviving zombie land. It then shows different scenarios as part of the survival guide with a variety of long shots, tracking shots, close ups and over the shoulder shots.

The darkness of the zombies clothing and skin could connote that they are the bad guys, almost evil.

As the voice over reads out the list of precautions, writing appears over the clip, in a plain white font, but it is as if it is almost placed in the scene, adapting to whats around it, for example when the man is being chased, the text pulsates saying 'cardio' as if imitating a heart beat.

More camera terminology/shots/angles

Angle of shot it the direction and height from which the camera takes the scene.

Viewpoint- the apparent distance and angle from which the camera views and records the subject. 

Point of view shot (POV)- a shot made from a camera position close to the line of sight of a performer who is to be watching the action shown in the point of view shot. This gives a realistic effect, as if we are seeing the world through the characters eyes. 

Two shot- a shot of two people together.

Selective focus- rendering only part of the action field in sharp focus through the use of a shallow depth of field. A shift focus from foreground to background or vice versa is called rack focus.

Soft focus- an effect in which the sharpness of an image, or part of it, is reduced by the use of an optical device.

Wide angle shot- a shot of a broad field of action taken with a wide angle range.

Tilted shot- when the camera is tilted on its axis so that normally vertical lines appear slanted left or right, ordinary expectations are frustrated. Such shots are often used in mystery and suspence films to create a sense of unease in the viewer.

Safety last (1923) is part of the romantic comedy thriller genre. The romantic part would be the guy trying to impress/get the girl, by adding comedy the main characters attempts of impressing girl would go wrong and fail. By combining a love story and a slapstick it makes the movie more enjoyable and keeps the audience entertained.

Double indemnity (1944) is part of the film-noir thriller genre. These films are usually dark and mysterious, hardly any natural light, mainly street lamps or lamps in bars/houses. In fact noir, translates to 'black' so the hint is in the name... if you know a bit of french.

High noon (1952) is part of the western thriller genre. In westerns the set would usually be a desert with the occasional tumble weed or a saloon/bar with female dancers, you'd have your cowboys (sometimes red indians) and there is most likely going to be a stand off and the bad guy loses, then the cowboy gets the girl, or whatever he desired.

The french connection (1971) is part of the crime-caper thriller genre is similar to action thriller because they both involve guns and fighting, though crime-caper usually involves a murder. The bad guy is usually caught at the end and justice is made.

Alien(1979) is part of the science fiction thriller genre, due to its in space and includes aliens(from the title of the movie you'd never have guessed). Also it is made more futuristic, making technology way more advanced.

Batman- the dark night, is part of the action thriller genre due to the amount of fighting, guns ad explosions etc.

What is a thriller?


Thriller is a genre of literature, film, and television programming that uses suspense, tension, and excitement as its main elements.

A thriller to be defined completely, is suppose to provide thrills, include cliff-hangers and keep the audience on the edge of their seats by creating a tension by building a plot to a climax. Tension is usually made to arise when the main character/s is in a life threatening situation which seems impossible to escape. Plots of thrillers involve characters which come into conflict with each other or with outside forces- the outside person (bady) is usually made shadowy and mysterious.

Thrillers are mainly made into hybrids, meaning there is more than one genre put to a film,

 e.g. 

• action- or adventure- thrillers
• Sci-Fi thrillers (Alien (1979))
• crime-caper thrillers (The French Connection (1971))
• western-thrillers (High Noon (1952))
• film-noir thrillers (Double Indemnity (1944))
• even romantic comedy-thrillers (Safety Last (1923))

Camera Terminology

Ariel movement- when the camera moves at a high angle, almost a birds eye view.

Tracking shot- makes the audience feel like they're part of the scene ( follows the character(s)/object(s) )

Tilt shot- gives you a full perspective of whats happening, the camera is stationary but moves up or down.

Pan shot- where the camera is stationary but moves left or right.

Extreme close up- when the camera closes up, showing the small minor details.

Extreme long shot- where the setting/image fills the frame. It gives us an idea of the location.

Long shot- where we see the subject in relation to their surrounding- the setting dominates.

Medium long shot- where the setting and the subject are in equal proportion.

Medium shot- when the subject is cut off the waist. You can still see their costumes but also some of their emotions.

Over the shoulder shot- so the audience can feel involved in the scene/ situation.

High angle shot- can make the subject appear weak or more vulnerable.

Low angle shot- where the camera is looking up at the subject, making them appear more powerful or menacing.

Canted angle- A shot which is tilted to one side. This is often used to create a feeling of disorientation.

Crab shot- A type of shot which involves the camera being placed in a confined space. e.g. A shot taken from inside a cupboard is, the subject opens the cupboard door.

Deep focus- A camera technique that allows objects both near and far from the camera to be in focus at the same time.

Establishing shot- The shot (usually wide or long), often used at he start of a programme of film, a new section of a programme or at the start of a new scene to establish the relationship between the set/location and the characters and to show the whole view.

Hand-held shot- A shot filmed with the camera not on a tripod but instead held by the camera man, often whilst walking. This makes the shots seem quite shaky. This can make the audience feel the scene is more realistic, or can make us feel like we are part of the action.

Head-on shot- For a type of shot in which the action comes directly toward the camera. Head-on shots are often used in war or action movies to enhance the sense of involvement and excitement of the audience, for example, charging cavalry may be directed at the camera.

Loose frame- Describes a shot where there is a lot of room around an object or person. Usually used to show them as being alone or isolated or unimportant.

Master shot- a camera shot used at the beginning of a sequence to establish the component elements and relationships in such a way as to allow the audience to make sense of the action follows.

Pull focus- Describes a shot where one thing was on focus, and then the lens is changed so that something else stops being blurry and becomes in focus. Often used to show how something has become more important.

Rule of thirds- Describes a technique used to make a shot look interesting. Rather than placing a person or object in the middle of the frame, they are placed at the sides , or where the lines cross on this imaginary grid.

Shallow focus- Describes a shot where an object near the front is in focus, and everything else behind is out of focus (blurry). Often used to make one thing seem more important.

Soft focus- In images, the use of a special lens or filter to create a hazy light around the subject. Soft focus shots are associated with the romantic or sentimental treatment of subject matter.

Tight frame- Describes a shot that is composed with the person or object given very little space around them. Often used to make them seem important, or trapped.

Whip pan- A very fast pan between two or more characters all points of interest. He gives the impression camera has been 'surprised' by activity and is used in the place of a more conventional cut or shot/reverse shot.

Wide shot- This can be used as an establishing shot of a set or location or to show a large crowd  of people. They can also emphasize the isolation of a single figure.

Zoom/Reverse zoom- The adjustment of the camera lens to allow the operator progressively to move in or close off or to pull away from the subject.

180 degree rule- Where, during a scene featuring two people or more, we can imaging an imaginary line joining those two people together. Adhering to the 180 degree rule would mean you would always ensure your camera was on one side of that line and the camera would never be crossed to the other side. Sticking tot he 180 degree rule allows the viewer to feel comfortable, helps us understand the positioning of the characters and makes it feel like real life.

Breaking the 180 degree rule (crossing the line)- Where, during a conversation or a scene between two people, the camera does NOT stick to one side of the line and crosses over at some point. This disorientates the viewer as we are unable to work out the position of the characters within the room. It makes the scene seem odd or strange and may reflect the feeling of the characters.

The horror cycle- the impact of social and psychological forces (on genre)

~1930's: monsters - Nosferatu/ Frankenstein (monster), wolves/ werewolves (animal) - (children)
Predictability (genre must evolve) - audience desensitised

~1940's: dracula

~1950's: Sci-Fi/ horror - UFO's

~1960's: 'Psycho' - Iconic

~1970's: Driller killer, Teas chainsaw massacre, Hitcher - slashers

~1980's: Iconic: sleep- Nightmare on elm street - franchise
-Halloween
-Friday 13th

~1990's/2000's: Teen horror/ Scream, I know what you did last summer, Cherry falls- target audience
 ^ Saw

Each ten years that go by, genres evolve to suit the audience and create unexpected scenarios and create irrational fear, making people feel scared, even in their own homes, so nowhere is safe.

Most iconic is Psycho as it made people realise (think) they're not safe, even in their own homes as well as Nightmare on elm street, making to scared to even sleep.

Genre theorys

Fiske's theory: Fiske's Theory suggests that people naturally categorise events that take place in their reality in reference to texts they have experienced in the past. This means he is suggesting we all create a context for what we are seeing  through intertextual referencing. People tend to believe that genre is based on real life, however, the human mind tends to give real life events context and genre based on those created in texts. This can apply to generally speaking, any genre, for example:

the exorcist (ghost films): when something seemingly super natural takes place in real life people may relate it to a text based on ghosts. such as, if an object might randomly fall off a shelf in a supposedly haunted location on a ghost walk, people will witness this in reference to things they have seen in the exorcist or other such films.

Crime drama/action: if a person became held up in a hostage situation with thieves attempting to hold them at Ransom or in exchange for their escape, this would be perceived in accordance with crime drama TV shows or films, and to make sense of the situation they would turn it into another text.

Horror drama 127 hours : the film  127 hours is based on a real life event in which a man became trapped under a rock for near enough a whole 5 days, before actually cutting off his own arm in order to escape. the fact that this was then made into a film shows just how influential media texts are on how we perceive situations - the events of the situation were so intense for the victim (aron Ralston) that they were described as "something out of a movie", and they were so unbelievable horrific that it was actually turned into a film.

David Buckingham says: 'Genre is not ....simply "given" by the culture: rather, it is in a constant process of negotiation and change.'

Genre

In simple words, genre is a way of putting a movie into a list of words (e.g horror, comedy, romance etc.) In almost every movie you will find there is more than one genre listed.Genre gives out a message to an audience, letting them know what the movie is about, reassurance that there will be some sort of twist and has an affect on peoples everyday life, e.g We see somebody do something bad in a movie, we expect them to be punished and a hero always saves the day.

Genres tend to work in cycles over the years, they start, they become popular, they go out of fashion, they stop, they wait a while, then they restart the cycle again.